In a recent study published in the journal of membrane science, mit professor john lienhard and postdoc ronan mcgovern, both of the department of mechanical engineering, reported that, contrary to popular support, forward osmosis desalination of seawater is significantly less energy efficient, compared to reverse osmosis. Forward osmosis, direct osmosis or just osmosis is the transport of a solvent normally water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower osmotic potential to a region of higher osmotic potential. Fundamentals and applications presents the principles and implementation challenges of lowenergy desalination technology for producing potable and nonpotable water. Forward osmosis is an osmotic process that, like reverse osmosis, uses a semipermeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. Fo is an emerging membrane technology platform that offers a low cost alternative to reverse osmosis ro as a means of recapturing wastewater for direct potable reuse. Forward osmosis water purification improvements to fo membranes and process can significantly reduce capital and energy costs for water desalination plants what is the problem.
Study on the transport mechanism of a freestanding graphene. The reactor was used to treat and simultaneously concentrate nutrients from wastewater. Final report enabling potable reuse of wastewater using. Study on the transport mechanism of a freestanding. A relatively low, yet stable forward osmosis flux was observed. The physicochemical properties of the pa membranes were confirmed by means of surface morphology, chemistry analysis, and surface charge characterization. In contrast, the reverse osmosis process uses hydraulic pressure as the driving for. Cabanillas assessment of forward osmosis as a possible mitigation strategy for urine management during extended cave exploration. A combined forward osmosis and membrane distillation.
Principles, applications, and recent developments journal of membrane science, may 2006. Pdf forward osmosis fo is one of the evolving membrane technologies in desalination. Pdf forward osmosis fo over the past five years has generally. The preparation of customized membranes is essential for the development of these technologies. Forward osmosis fo offers the opportunity to engineer new applications based on the ubiquitous osmotic process utilized by every living organism. The journal of membrane science provides a focal point for academic and industrial chemists, chemical engineers, materials scientists, and membranologists working on membrane systems.
Compared to thermal and pressuredriven membrane technologies, fo processes realize several bene. Forward osmosis fo represents a new promising membrane technology for liquid separation driven by the osmotic pressure of aqueous solution. Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration fouling chuyang y. Study shows forward osmosis desalination not energy efficient. Chemical and physical aspects of organic fouling of forward osmosis membranes. Osmotically driven membrane processes odmps or forward osmosis fo. Jul 23, 2014 in a recent study published in the journal of membrane science, mit professor john lienhard and postdoc ronan mcgovern, both of the department of mechanical engineering, reported that, contrary to popular support, forward osmosis desalination of seawater is significantly less energy efficient, compared to reverse osmosis. The application of polyethyleneimine draw solution in a.
The polydopaminemodified halloysite nanotubes dhnt were synthesized for the improved dispersion in ca membrane matrix to obtain a cadhnt mixed matrix forward osmosis fo membranes. Forward osmosis fo is an osmotic process that uses semipermeable membrane to achieve separation. Forward osmosis fo is an emerging membrane technology with a range of possible water treatment applications desalination and wastewater treatment and recovery. Forward osmosis for source water purificationhydration bags the use of fo for water purification was briefly introduced in section 4. An ammoniacarbon dioxide draw solution was used for the testing. Jan 10, 2018 the polydopaminemodified halloysite nanotubes dhnt were synthesized for the improved dispersion in ca membrane matrix to obtain a cadhnt mixed matrix forward osmosis fo membranes.
The altered viscosities of the dope solutions with different concentrations of dhnt were measured and. It is the process of two liquids seeking equilibrium that creates the power in forward osmosis. This paper provides the stateoftheart of the physical principles and applications of forward osmosis as well as their strengths and limitations. Osmosis, or as it is currently referred to as forward osmosis, has new applications in separation processes for wastewater treatment, food processing, and seawaterbrackish water desalination.
Jul 23, 2018 forward osmosis fo is a membrane technology that uses the osmotic pressure difference to treat two fluids at a time giving the opportunity for an energyefficient water and wastewater treatment. Forward osmosis fo is an osmotic process that, like reverse osmosis ro, uses a semipermeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. Forward osmosis fo desalination is a process in which a high osmotic pressure draw solution, on the permeate side of a semi permeability membrane, serves to draw water from an aqueous. Model of forward osmosis through compositeasymmetric membranes. Forward osmosis journal of membrane and separation technology, 2012 vol.
Issues discussed include membrane, configuration, draw solution, integration with posttreatment, and energy and economic evaluation. Thanks to its low operating pressure and high rejection, fo exhibits low fouling propensity while allowing the production of high water permeate quality and. Water free fulltext nutrients enrichment and process. The concept of hydration bags was developed for military, recreational, and emergency relief situations when reliable drinking water is scarce or not available 63, 69. Forward osmosis with a novel thinfilm inorganic membrane. To address these limitations, this study focuses on the development of. Pharmaceutical concentration using organic solvent forward. Cath t, childress a, and elimelech m forward osmosis. During this process the solute or solutes are rejected by the membrane, in the same way as a reverse osmosis membrane.
Journal of membrane and separation technology, 2012, 7993. Osmosis, or as it is currently referred to as forward osmosis, has new applications in. The system was operated at different draw solution concentrations, leading to varying salinity conditions. In forward osmosis fo, a saline feed solution passes through a semipermeable membrane toward a draw solution. In the journal of membrane science the number of papers published has. Apr 12, 2018 the organic solvent forward osmosis osfo process can simultaneously concentrate the active pharmaceutical ingredients apis and recover the organic solvents. Other unique areas of forward osmosis research include pressureretarded osmosis for generation of electricity from saline and fresh water and implantable osmotic pumps for controlled drug release. Journal of membrane science performance evaluation of sucrose. Effects of support inhomogeneity and solution nonideality arnout dhaese, edxon e. Pdf modern water is one of the few companies that have developed and deployed a forward osmosis desalination process on a commercial scale. The use of forward osmosis fo for water purification purposes has gained extensive attention in recent years. Forward osmosis application in manufacturing industries. Forward osmosis enables plants to transport water from their root systems to their leaves and it provides the primary means of transporting water in and out of cells across most organisms in nature.
Forward osmosis has proven to be of interest for the treatment of complicated streams 16 and could be adapted to such environment where a saline stream is locally available 17. Use of switchable solvents as forward osmosis draw solutes. Membrane fouling and process performance of forward osmosis membranes on activated sludge. Forward osmosis fo desalination is a process in which a high. In forward osmosis fo, we found that the water flux from the feed solution to the draw solution can prevent ions from diffusing to the feed solution in a highly tortuous and porous gom. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of solution chemistry of branched polyethyleneimine pei draw solute and to evaluate the pei draw solute in a combined forward osmosis fonanofiltration nf system. A bilayer substrate including a removable backing layer may allow forward osmosis membranes with reduced supporting layer thickness to be processed on existing manufacturing lines. Chapter 6 nanoparticles as draw solution for forward osmosis processes. Forward osmosis is a natural process, which takes place all around us on an everyday basis.
Forward osmosis fo is an emerging low energy desalination technology with several merits over the other. Forward osmosis fo is an osmotic process that uses a semipermeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved solutes. Forward osmosis a brief introduction this paper outlines some of the aspects of forward osmosis process and its derivatives, with regard to key issues, concepts and some applications. Modified models to predict flux behavior in forward osmosis in consideration. In this work, an ultrathin polyamide pa membrane was fabricated via in situ removing polysulfone psf substrate from the psfpa forward osmosis membrane for the first time. Commercial desalination technologies used to desalinate seawater and inland brackish waters including electro. In reverse osmosis ro, we found that the salt rejection is low compared to that in commercially available ro membranes. To address these limitations, this study focuses on the development. A novel wastewater treatment system was investigated using forward osmosis membranes to. This article focuses on the recent developments of forward osmosis fo for desalination and the challenges it faced.
The effects of reverse salt diffusion through a forward osmosis membrane were studied in a microfiltration osmotic membrane bioreactor. Graphene oxide membranes goms are promising separation technologies. The altered viscosities of the dope solutions with different concentrations of. Mathematics manual for water and wastewater treatment plant. Solute and water transport in forward osmosis using.
However, in the last decade, the interest in osmotically driven processes, such as forward osmosis fo and pressure retarded osmosis pro, has increased. In the past four decades, membrane development has occurred based on the demand in pressure driven processes. Forward osmosis membranes reject organics, minerals and other solids similar to reverse osmosis ro but resist typical fouling problems. Other unique areas of forward osmosis research include pressureretarded osmosis for generation of electricity from saline and fresh water and. Fo is also known as engineered osmosis eo, manipulated osmosis mo and simply osmosis. Desalination welcomes submissions detailing work that is clearly connected to water desalting including applications of desalination to seawater, groundwater and waste waters, such as thermal. This chapter discusses solute and water transport through an asymmetric fo membrane, taking into account the mass transfer resistance of all transport layers, namely the membrane active and support layers, as well as the external fluid boundary layers. Schematic diagram of the forward osmosis benchscale laboratory system for sucrose concentration.
The organic solvent forward osmosis osfo process can simultaneously concentrate the active pharmaceutical ingredients apis and recover the. Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration forward osmosis for. Forward osmosis fo is an emerging membrane separation process that continues to be. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a draw solution of high concentration, is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution, thus effectively separating the feed water from its solutes. A commercial reality, proceedings ida world congress, perth, western australia, september 2011. Chemical engineering laboratory cheg 47 osmotic separations. A combined forward osmosis and membrane distillation system. The fo membranes were characterized by raman spectroscopy, porosity measurement, and contact angle study. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient, such that a draw solution of high concentration relative to that of the feed solution, is used to induce a net flow of water through the membrane into the draw. Unpressurized fo can desalinate brackish water and seawater using less energy and at potentially lower costs than reverse osmosis ro. Childress, selection of inorganicbased draw solutions for forward osmosis applications, journal of membrane science, 364 2010 233241. Enabling potable reuse of wastewater using forward osmosis. Organic polymeric fo membranes are subject to severe internal concentration polarization due to asymmetric membrane structure, and low stability due to inherent chemical composition.
Effects of transmembrane hydraulic pressure on performance of. Recent developments in forward osmosis processes ebooks. Guide to forward osmosis membranes forwardosmosistech. Reverse osmosis vs forward osmosis which is better for. Pdf forward osmosis a brief introduction researchgate. Osmotic pressure gradient is the main mechanism by which fresh water transports across the membrane in the fo process. Forward osmosis fo is the reversal of the more common reverse osmosis ro to allow water to pass through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution. Presented at the american institute of chemical engineers annual meeting, membrane tutorial technical session, minneapolis, mn, october 1621, 2011 invited.
Forward osmosis applied to desalination and evaporative. Mc cutcheon, method for designing membranes for osmotically driven membrane processes. Forward osmosis fo, also known as direct osmosis, is a rapidly growing field in membrane science. Evaluation of the forward osmosis performance of cellulose. For a given feed waterseawater tds, the recovery rate can be increased by increasing the.
Pdf recent advancements in forward osmosis desalination. Forward osmosis for wastewater treatment and energy recovery. The driving force for this separation is an osmotic pressure gradient between a solution of high concentration, often referred to as a draw and a solution of lower concentration, referred to as the feed. Forward osmosis in wastewater treatment processes article pdf available in acta chimica slovenica 641. Conducted by massachusetts institute of technology researchers and published in the journal of membrane science, the study found that contrary to popular support, forward osmosis desalination of seawater is significantly less energy efficient, compared to reverse osmosis, according to an announcement from the institute. Forward osmosis fo is a membrane technology that uses the osmotic pressure difference to treat two fluids at a time giving the opportunity for an energyefficient water and wastewater treatment. Recent developments in forward osmosis processes provides an overview of applications, advantages, challenges, costs and current knowledge gaps.
Recent developments and future challenges of forward osmosis. Factors affecting the performances of forward osmosis. Pdf forward osmosis in wastewater treatment processes. Desalination is an interdisciplinary journal publishing high quality papers on desalination materials, processes and related technologies. Influence of concentrative and dilutive internal concentration polarization on flux behavior in forward osmosis.